Objective To investigate the status and factors associated with fear of progression in recipients of renal transplantation. Methods By using the convenient sampling method,221 recipients of renal transplantations were selected from February to June 2021 in a tertiary hospital in Changsha. General information questionnaire,Fear of Progression Questionnaire-Short Form,Positive Psychological Capital Questionnaire,Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire,Distress Disclosure Index were used to conduct the investigation. Results The score of fear of progression of recipients of renal transplantation was (28.13±7.87) ;51 cases (23.08%) were≥34 points;the positive psychological capital score was (124.05±21.06) ;the illness perception score was (37.67±11.10) ;the distress disclosure score was (36.09±8.98). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that illness perception and positive psychological capital were the influencing factors of fear of progression (P<0.05),which explained 35.3% of the total variation. Conclusion The incidence of fear of progression in recipients of renal transplantation is high,which is generally in the middle level. Clinicians should pay attention to the psychological status of renal transplant recipients,and reduce recipients’ illness perception,enhance patients’ positive psychological capital,and reduce their fear of disease progression.